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Neuropathy, often called peripheral neuropathy, is a condition in which one or more nerves are damaged or dysfunctional. There are three different forms of neuropathy, namely mononeuropathy,\u00a0 multiple mononeuropathies or mononeuropathy multiplex, and polyneuropathy. When only one nerve is affected, it is called mononeuropathy. When two or more nerves are affected, it is called multiple mononeuropathies or mononeuropathy multiplex. When many or most peripheral nerves are affected, it is called polyneuropathy. Regardless of form, neuropathy typically starts in the hands and feet, though other body parts can be affected as well.<\/p>\n
The peripheral nervous system, or PNS, encompasses the nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord. Within the PNS, there are three types of nerves – sensory nerves, motor nerves, and autonomic nerves. Each type is responsible for a different set of tasks, which work together to keep the body functioning as it should. Sensory nerves carry sensory information to the central nervous system, motor nerves send motor signals to the muscles which control muscle movement, and autonomic nerves control functions such as the bladder, heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure. When the nerve signal transmission to any of these nerves is disrupted, neuropathy can occur.<\/p>\n
The leading cause of neuropathy is diabetes, a condition known as diabetic polyneuropathy. This is because high blood sugar levels as a result of either type 1 or type 2 diabetes can lead to nerve damage. Other causes of peripheral neuropathy include a viral infection, physical injury to the nerves, and a side effect of excessive alcohol or certain medicines. As for common symptoms of neuropathy, these include a shooting pain in the affected area, loss of balance and coordination, tingling and numbness in the hands or feet, and muscle weakness. Symptoms of neuropathy are most often constant, but may also come and go in waves.<\/p>\n
In order to diagnose a patient with neuropathy, doctors may order blood tests, ask about symptoms, and examine the affected area. Blood tests can check for vitamin B12 deficiency and diabetes, while physical examinations may involve testing strength, reflexes, and sensations. In some instances, individuals may be sent to a neurologist for a nerve conduction study and electromyography. A nerve conduction study, or NCS, measures the strength and speed of the nerve signal with electrodes. These small metal wires are placed on the skin and stimulate the nerves by releasing small electric shocks. Electromyography, or EMG, measures the electrical activity of the muscles by inserting a needle through the skin.<\/p>\n
Possible complications of peripheral neuropathy depend on the cause and the nerves that are damaged.\u00a0 For example, a foot ulcer that becomes infected can cause gangrene, a serious condition in which a lack of blood supply leads to tissue death. Similarly, treatment for neuropathy depends on the underlying causes as well as the symptoms. For instance, sufferers who experience muscle weakness may receive treatment in the form of walking aids and physical therapy. Those who experience nerve pain may be prescribed neuropathic pain agents since standard painkillers typically don\u2019t work. People with diabetes may be told to limit alcohol and stop smoking, in addition to gaining control of their blood sugar levels.<\/p>\n
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https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/peripheral-neuropathy\/<\/a>
https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/14737-neuropathy<\/a><\/p>\n